Constraints on surface temperature 3.4 billion years ago based on triple oxygen isotopes of cherts from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa, and the problem of sample selection

REFERENCES

1. ↵
   1. Allwood A. C.,
   2. Walter M. R.,
   3. Kamber B. S.,
   4. Marshall C. P.,
   5. Burch I. W.

   , 2006, Stromatolite reef from the Early Archaean era of Australia: Nature, v. 441, n. 7094, p. 714–718, doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04764

   OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefPubMedWeb of Science
2. ↵
   1. Baross J. A.,
   2. Hoffman S. E.

   , 1985, Submarine hydrothermal vents and associated gradient environments as sites for the origin and evolution of life: Origins of Life, v. 15, p. 327–345, doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01808177

   OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
3. ↵
   1. Becker R. H.,
   2. Clayton R. N.

   , 1976, Oxygen isotope study of a Precambrian banded iron formation, Hamersley Range, Western-Australia: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 40, n. 10, p. 1153–1165, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(76)90151-4

   OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
4. ↵
   1. Iijima A.,
   2. Garrison R.

   1. Behl R. J.,
   2. Garrison R. E.

   , 1994, The origin of chert in the Monterey Formation of California (USA), in Iijima A., Garrison R., editors, Siliceous, phosphatic and glauconitic sediments of the Tertiary and Mesozoic. Utrecht, The Netherlands, Proceedings of the 29th International Geological Congress Part C, VSP, p. 101–132.
5. ↵
   1. Blake R. E.,
   2. Chang S. E.,
   3. Lepland A.

   , 2010, Phosphate isotopic evidence for a temperate and biologically active Archaean ocean: Nature, v. 464, p. 1029–1032, doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08952

   OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefPubMedWeb of Science
6. ↵
   1. Braunstein D.,
   2. Lowe D. R.

   , 2001, Relationship between spring and geyser activity and the deposition and morphology of high temperature (>73°C) siliceous sinter, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 71, n. 5, p. 747–763, doi:https://doi.org/10.1306/2DC40965-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
7. ↵
   1. Byerly G. R.,
   2. Kröner A.,
   3. Lowe D. R.,
   4. Todt W.,
   5. Walsh M. W.

   , 1996, Prolonged magmatism and time constraints for sediment deposition in the early Archean Barberton greenstone belt: Evidence from the upper Onverwacht and Fig Tree Groups: Precambrian Research, v. 78, n. 1–3, p. 125–138, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(95)00073-9

   OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
8. ↵
   1. Byerly G. R.,
   2. Lowe D. R.,
   3. Wooden J. L.,
   4. Xie X.

   , 2002, An Archean impact layer from the Pilbara and Kaapvaal Craton: Science, v. 297, n. 5585, p. 1325–1327, doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1073934

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
9. ↵
   1. Cammack J. N.,
   2. Spicuzza M. J.,
   3. Cavosie A. J.,
   4. Van Kranendonk M. J.,
   5. Hickman A. H.,
   6. Kozdon R.,
   7. Orland I. J.,
   8. Kitajima K.,
   9. Valley J. W.

   , 2018, SIMS microanalysis of the Strelley Pool Formation cherts and the implications for the secular-temporal oxygen-isotope trend of cherts: Precambrian Research, v. 304, p. 125–139, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2017.11.005

   OpenUrlCrossRef
10. ↵
    1. Dann J. C.

    , 2000, The 3.5 Ga Komati Formation, Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa, Part I: New mas and magmatic architecture: South African Journal of Geology, v. 103, n. 1, p. 47–68, doi:https://doi.org/10.2113/103.1.47

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
11. ↵
    1. de Wit M. J.,
    2. Hart R.,
    3. Martin A.,
    4. Abbott P.

    , 1982, Archean abiogenic and probable biogenic structures associated with mineralized hydrothermal vent systems and regional metasomatism, with implications for greenstone belt studies: Economic Geology, v. 77, n. 8, p. 1783–1802, doi:https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.77.8.1783

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
12. ↵
    1. Degens E. T,
    2. Epstein S.

    , 1964, Oxygen and carbon isotope ratios in coexisting calcites and dolomites from recent and ancient sediments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 28, n. 1, p. 23–44, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(64)90053-5

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
13. ↵
    1. Drabon N.,
    2. Lowe D. R.,
    3. Heubeck C. E.

    , 2019, Evolution of an Archean fan delta and its implications for the initiation of uplift and deformation in the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 89, n. 9, p. 849–874, doi:https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2019.46

    OpenUrlCrossRef
14. ↵
    1. Drieberg S. L.,
    2. Hagemann S. G.,
    3. Huston D. L.,
    4. Landis G.,
    5. Ryan C. G.,
    6. Van Achterbergh E.,
    7. Vennemann T.

    , 2013, The interplay of evolved seawater and magmatic-hydrothermal fluids in the 3.24 Ga Panorama volcanic-hosted massive sulfide hydrothermal system, North Pilbara Craton, Western Australia: Economic Geology, v. 108, n. 1, p. 79–110, doi:https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.108.1.79

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
15. ↵
    1. Galili N.,
    2. Shemesh A.,
    3. Yam R.,
    4. Brailovsky I.,
    5. Sela-Adler M.,
    6. Schuster E. M.,
    7. Collom C.,
    8. Bekker A.,
    9. Planavsky N.,
    10. Macdonald F. A.,
    11. Préat A.,
    12. Rudmin M.,
    13. Trela W.,
    14. Sturesson U.,
    15. Heikoop J. M.,
    16. Aurell M.,
    17. Ramajo J.,
    18. Halevy I.

    , 2019, The geologic history of seawater oxygen isotopes from marine iron oxides: Science, v. 365, n. 6452, p. 469–473, doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw9247

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
16. ↵
    1. Noffke N.,
    2. Chafetz H.

    1. Gamper A.,
    2. Heubeck C.,
    3. Demskec D.,
    4. Hoehse M.

    , 2012, Composition and microfacies of Archean microbial mats (Moodies Group, ca. 3.22 Ga, South Africa), in Noffke N., Chafetz H., editors, Microbial Mats in Siliciclastic Depositional Systems Through Time: Society of Sedimentary Geology Special Publication 101, p. 65–74, doi:https://doi.org/10.2110/sepmsp.101.065

    OpenUrlCrossRef
17. ↵
    1. Hayles J. A.,
    2. Yeung L. Y.,
    3. Homann M.,
    4. Banerjee A.,
    5. Jiang H.,
    6. Shen B.,
    7. Lee C.T.

    , 2019, Three billion year secular evolution of the triple oxygen isotope composition of marine chert: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, doi:https://doi.org/10.31223/OSF.IO/N2P5Q

    OpenUrlCrossRef
18. ↵
    1. Hessler A. M.,
    2. Lowe D. R.

    , 2006, Weathering and sediment generation in the Archean: An integrated study of the evolution of siliciclastic sedimentary rocks of the 3.2 Ga Moodies Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Precambrian Research, v. 151, n. 3–4, p. 185–210, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2006.08.008

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
19. ↵
    1. Heubeck C.

    , 2009, An early ecosystem of Archean tidal microbial mats (Moodies Group, South Africa, ca. 3.2 Ga): Geology, v. 37, n. 10, p. 931–934, doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/G30101A.1

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
20. ↵
    1. Kröner A.,
    2. Hofmann A.

    1. Heubeck C.

    2019, The Moodies Group - A high-resolution archive of Archaean surface processes and basin-forming processes, in Kröner A., Hofmann A., editors, The Archaean Geology of the Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa: Regional Geology Reviews, v. 133, p. 133–169, doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78652-0_6

    OpenUrlCrossRef
21. ↵
    1. Lowe D. R.,
    2. Byerly G. R.

    1. Heubeck C.,
    2. Lowe D. R.

    , 1999, Sedimentary petrography and provenance of the Archean Moodies Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt, in Lowe D. R., Byerly G. R., editors, Geologic evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: GSA Special Paper 329, p. 259–286, doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2329-9.259

    OpenUrlCrossRef
22. ↵
    1. Heubeck C.,
    2. Engelhardt J.,
    3. Byerly G. R.,
    4. Zeh A.,
    5. Sell B.,
    6. Luber T.,
    7. Lowe D. R.

    , 2013, Timing of deposition and deformation of the Moodies Group (Barberton Greenstone belt, South Africa): Very-high-resolution of Archaean surface processes: Precambrian Research, v. 231, p. 236–262, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2013.03.021

    OpenUrlCrossRef
23. ↵
    1. Hofmann A.

    , 2005, The geochemistry of sedimentary rocks from the Fig Tree Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt: Implications for tectonic, hydrothermal and surface processes during mid-Archean times: Precambrian Research, v. 143, n. 1–4, p. 23–49, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2005.09.005

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
24. ↵
    1. Hofmann A.,
    2. Bolhar R.

    , 2007, Carbonaceous cherts in the Barberton Greenstone Belt and their significance for the study of early life in the Archean record: Astrobiology, v. 7, n. 2, p. 355–388, doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2005.0288

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefPubMedWeb of Science
25. ↵
    1. Hofmann A.,
    2. Harris C.

    , 2008, Silica alteration zones in the Barberton greenstone belt: a window into subseafloor processes 3.5-3.3 Ga ago: Chemical Geology, v. 257, n. 1–4, p. 221–239, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.09.015

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
26. ↵
    1. Homann M.,
    2. Heubeck C.,
    3. Airo A.,
    4. Tice M. M.

    , 2015, Morphological adaptations of 3.22 Ga-old tufted microbial mats to Archean coastal habitats (Moodies Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa): Precambrian Research, v. 266, p. 47–64, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2015.04.018

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRef
27. ↵
    1. Hren M. T.,
    2. Tice M. M.,
    3. Chamberlain C. P.

    , 2009, Oxygen and hydrogen isotope evidence for a temperate climate 3.42 billion years ago: Nature, v. 462, p. 205–208, doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08518

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefPubMedWeb of Science
28. ↵
    1. Jaffrés J. B. D.,
    2. Shields G. A.,
    3. Wallmann K.

    , 2007, The oxygen isotope evolution of seawater: A critical review of a long-standing controversy and an improved geological water cycle model for the past 3.4 billion years: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 83, n. 1–2, p. 83–122, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.04.002

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRef
29. ↵
    1. Johnson B. W.,
    2. Wing B. A.

    , 2020, Limited Archaean continental emergence reflected in an early Archaean ¹⁸O-enriched ocean: Nature Geoscience, v. 13, p. 243–248, doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0538-9

    OpenUrlCrossRef
30. ↵
    1. Jones B.,
    2. Renaut R. W.

    , 1996, Influence of thermophilic bacteria on calcite and silica precipitation in hot springs with water temperatures above 90°C: Evidence from Kenya and New Zealand: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 33, p. 72–83, doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/e96-008

    OpenUrlAbstract
31. ↵
    1. Jones B.,
    2. Renaut R. W.,
    3. Rosen M. R.

    , 1997, Biogenicity of silica precipitation around geysers and hot-spring vents, North Island, New Zealand: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 67, n. 1, p. 88–104, doi:https://doi.org/10.1306/D42684FF-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
32. ↵
    1. Kasting J. F.,
    2. Howard M. T.,
    3. Wallmann K.,
    4. Veizer J.,
    5. Shields G.,
    6. Jaffres J. B. D.

    , 2006, Paleoclimates, ocean depth, and the oxygen isotopic composition of seawater: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 252, n. 1–2, p. 82–93, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.09.029

    OpenUrlCrossRef
33. ↵
    1. Katrinak K. A.

    , ms, 1987, Stable isotope studies of cherts from the Archean Swaziland Supergroup of South Africa: Phoenix, Arizona, Arizona State University, MS thesis, 100 p.
34. ↵
    1. Kerrich R.,
    2. Fryer B. J.

    , 1979, Archaean precious-metal hydrothermal systems, Dome Mine, Abitibi Greenstone Belt. II. REE and oxygen isotope relations: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 16, p. 440–458, doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/e79-041

    OpenUrlAbstract
35. ↵
    1. Knauth L. P.

    , ms, 1973, Oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios in cherts and related rocks: Pasadena, California, California Institute of Technology, Ph. D. Thesis, 369 p.
36. ↵
    1. Knauth L. P.

    1979, A model for the origin of chert in limestone: Geology, v. 7, n. 6, p. 274–277, doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1979)7<274:AMFTOO>2.0.CO;2

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
37. ↵
    1. Clauer N.,
    2. Chaudhuri S.

    1. Knauth L. P.

    1992, Origin and diagenesis of cherts: An isotopic perspective in isotopic signatures and sedimentary records, in Clauer N., Chaudhuri S., editors, Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences #43: Switzerland, Springer-Verlag, p. 123–152.
38. ↵
    1. Knauth L. P.,
    2. Epstein S.

    , 1976, Hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios in nodular and bedded cherts: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 40, n. 9, p. 1095–1108, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(76)90051-X

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
39. ↵
    1. Knauth L. P.,
    2. Lowe D.R.

    , 1978, Oxygen isotope geochemistry of cherts from the Onverwacht Group (3.4 billion years), Transvaal, South Africa with implications for secular variations in the isotopic compositions of cherts: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 41, n. 2, p. 209–222, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(78)90011-0

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
40. ↵
    1. Knauth L. P.,
    2. Lowe D.R.

    2003, High Archean climatic temperature inferred from oxygen isotope geochemistry of cherts in the 3.5 Ga Swaziland Supergroup, South Africa: GSA Bulletin, v. 115, n. 5, p. 566–580, doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0566:HACTIF>2.0.CO;2

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
41. ↵
    1. Kolodny Y.,
    2. Epstein S.

    , 1976, Stable isotope geochemistry of deep sea cherts: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 40, n. 10, p. 1195–1209, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(76)90155-1

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
42. ↵
    1. Kröner A.,
    2. Byerly G. R.,
    3. Lowe D. R.

    , 1991, Chronology of early Archaean granite-greenstone evolution in the Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa, based on precise dating by single zircon evaporation: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 103, n. 1–4, p. 41–54, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(91)90148-B

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
43. ↵
    1. Kröner A.,
    2. Hegner E.,
    3. Wendt J. I.,
    4. Byerly G. R.

    , 1996, The oldest part of the Barberton granitoid-greenstone terrain, South Africa: Evidence for crust formation between 3.5 and 3.7 Ga: Precambrian Research, v. 78, n. 1–3, p. 105–124, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(95)00072-0

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
44. ↵
    1. Van Kranendonk M. J.,
    2. Bennett V. C.,
    3. Hoffmann J. E.

    1. Ledevin M.

    , 2019, Archean cherts: Formation processes and paleoenvironments, in Van Kranendonk M. J., Bennett V. C., Hoffmann J. E., editors, Earth's Oldest Rocks: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 913–944, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63901-1.00037-X

    OpenUrlCrossRef
45. ↵
    1. Levin N. E.,
    2. Raub T. D.,
    3. Dauphas N.,
    4. Eiler J. M.

    , 2014, Triple oxygen isotope variations in sedimentary rocks: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 139, p. 173–189, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.04.034

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRef
46. ↵
    1. Liljestrand F. L.

    , ms, 2019, The application of silica Δ'17O and δ18O towards paleo-environmental reconstructions: Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University, Ph. D. dissertation, 189 p.
47. ↵
    1. Liljestrand F. L.,
    2. Knoll A. H.,
    3. Tosca N. J.,
    4. Cohen P. A.,
    5. Macdonald F. A.,
    6. Peng Y.,
    7. Johnston D. T.

    , 2020, The triple oxygen isotope composition of Precambrian chert: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 537, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116167

    OpenUrlCrossRef
48. ↵
    1. Lowe D. R.

    , 1983, Restricted shallow-water sedimentation of early Archean stromatolitic and evaporitic strata of the Strelley Pool Chert, Pilbara Block, Western Australia: Precambrian Research, v. 19, n. 3, p. 239–283, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(83)90016-5

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
49. ↵
    1. Lowe D. R.,
    2. Byerly G. R.

    1. Lowe D. R.

    1999, Petrology and sedimentology of cherts and related silicified sedimentary rocks in the Swaziland Supergroup, in Lowe D. R., Byerly G. R., editors, Geologic evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: GSA Special Paper 329, p. 83–114, doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2329-9.83

    OpenUrlCrossRef
50. ↵
    1. Lowe D. R.

    2013, Crustal fracturing and chert dike formation triggered by large meteorite impacts, ca. 3.260 Ga, Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa: GSA Bulletin, v. 125, p. 894–912, doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/B30782.1

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
51. ↵
    1. Lowe D. R.,
    2. Braunstein D.

    , 2003, Microstructure of high-temperature (>73°C) siliceous sinter deposited around hot springs and geysers, Yellowstone National Park: The role of biological and abiological processes in sedimentation: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 40, n. 11, p. 1611–1642, doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/e03-066

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
52. ↵
    1. Lowe D. R.,
    2. Byerly G. R.

    1. Lowe D. R.,
    2. Byerly G. R.

    , 1999, Stratigraphy of the west-central part of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa, in Lowe D. R., Byerly G. R., editors, Geologic Evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: GSA Special Paper 329, p. 1–36, doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2329-9.1

    OpenUrlCrossRef
53. ↵
    1. Lowe D. R.,
    2. Byerly G. R.

    , 2007, Ironstone bodies of the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa: Products of a Cenozoic hydrological system, not Archean hydrothermal vents!: GSA Bulletin, v. 119, p. 65–87, doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/B25997.1

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
54. ↵
    1. Lowe D. R.,
    2. Byerly G. R.

    1. Lowe D. R.,
    2. Fisher-Worrell G.

    , 1999, Sedimentology, mineralogy, and implications of silicified evaporites in the Kromberg Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa, in Lowe D. R., Byerly G. R., editors, Geologic evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: GSA Special Paper 329, p. 167–188, doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2329-9.167

    OpenUrlCrossRef
55. ↵
    1. Lowe D. R.,
    2. Knauth L. P.

    , 1977, Sedimentology of the Onverwacht Group (3.4 billion years), Transvaal, South Africa, and its bearing on the characteristics and evolution of the early earth: The Journal of Geology, v. 85, n. 6, p. 699–723, doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/628358

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
56. ↵
    1. Lowe D. R.,
    2. Byerly G.R.

    1. Lowe D. R.,
    2. Nocita B. W

    , 1999, Foreland basin sedimentation in the Mapepe Formation, southern-facies Fig Tree Group, in Lowe D. R., Byerly G.R., editors, Geologic Evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: GSA Special Paper 329, p. 233–258, doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2329-9.233

    OpenUrlCrossRef
57. ↵
    1. Lowe D. R.,
    2. Tice M. M.

    , 2007, Tectonic controls on atmospheric, climatic, and biological evolution 3.5–2.4 Ga: Precambrian Research, v. 158, n. 3–4, p. 177–197, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.008

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
58. ↵
    1. Reysenbach,
    2. Voytek M.,
    3. Mancinelli R.

    1. Lowe D. R.,
    2. Anderson K. S.,
    3. Braunstein D.

    , 2001, The zonation and structuring of siliceous sinter around hot springs, Yellowstone National Park, and the role of thermophilic bacteria in its deposition, in Reysenbach, Voytek M., Mancinelli R., editors, Thermophiles: Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution: New York, Kluwer Academic/Plenum, p. 143–166, doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1197-7_11

    OpenUrlCrossRef
59. ↵
    1. Lowe D. R.,
    2. Byerly G. R.,
    3. Heubeck C.

    , 2012, Geologic Map of the West-Central Barberton Greenstone belt, South Africa: Geological Society of America Map and Chart Series MCS103.
60. ↵
    1. Marin J.,
    2. Chaussidon M.,
    3. Robert F.

    , 2010, Microscale oxygen isotope variations in 1.9 Ga Gunflint cherts: Assessments of diagenesis effects and implications for oceanic paleotemperature reconstructions: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 74, n. 1, p. 116–130, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.09.016

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRef
61. ↵
    1. Marin-Carbonne J.,
    2. Chaussidon M.,
    3. Boiron M. -C.,
    4. Robert F.

    , 2011, A combined in situ oxygen, silicon isotopic and fluid inclusion study of a chert sample from Onverwacht Group (3.35 Ga, South Africa): New constraints on fluid circulation: Chemical Geology, v. 286, n. 3–4, p. 59–71, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.02.025

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRef
62. ↵
    1. Marin-Carbonne J.,
    2. Chaussidon M.,
    3. Robert F.

    , 2012, Micrometer-scale chemical and isotopic criteria (O and Si) on the origin and history of Precambrian cherts: Implications for paleo-temperature reconstructions: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 92, p. 129–147, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.05.040

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRef
63. ↵
    1. McBride E. F.,
    2. Abdel-Wahab A.,
    3. El-Younsy A. R. M.

    , 1999, Origin of spheroidal chert nodules, Drunka Formation (Lower Eocene), Egypt: Sedimentology, v. 46, n. 4, p. 733–755, doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.1999.00253.x

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
64. ↵
    1. Mix H. T.,
    2. Ibarra D. E.,
    3. Mulch A.,
    4. Graham S. A.,
    5. Chamberlain C. P.

    , 2016, A hot and high Eocene Sierra Nevada: GSA Bulletin, v. 128, n. 3–4, p. 531–542, doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/B31294.1

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
65. ↵
    1. Muehlenbachs K.

    , 1998, The oxygen isotopic composition of the oceans, sediments and the seafloor: Chemical Geology, v. 145, n. 3–4, p. 263–273, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00147-2

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
66. ↵
    1. Muehlenbachs K.,
    2. Clayton R.N.

    , 1976, Oxygen isotope composition of the oceanic crust and its bearing on seawater: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 81, n. 23, p. 4365–4369, doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/JB081i023p04365

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRef
67. ↵
    1. Pack A.,
    2. Herwartz D.

    , 2014, The triple oxygen isotope composition of the Earth mantle and understanding Δ¹⁷O variations in terrestrial rocks and minerals: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 390, p. 138–145, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.01.017

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRef
68. ↵
    1. Paris I.,
    2. Stanistreet I. G.,
    3. Hughes M. J.

    , 1985, Cherts of the Barberton greenstone belt as products of submarine exhalative activity: The Journal of Geology, v. 93, n. 2, p. 111–129, doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/628935

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
69. ↵
    1. Perry E. C. Jr..

    , 1967, The oxygen isotope chemistry of ancient cherts: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 3, p. 62–66, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(67)90012-X

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
70. 1. Perry E. C. Jr..,
    2. Tan F. C.

    , 1972, Significance of oxygen and carbon isotopic variations in early Precambrian cherts and carbonate rocks of South Africa: GSA Bulletin, v. 83, n. 3, p. 647–664, doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[647:SOOACI]2.0.CO;2

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
71. ↵
    1. Perry E. C. Jr..,
    2. Ahmad S. N.,
    3. Swulius T. M.

    , 1978, The oxygen isotope composition of 3,800 m.y. old metamorphosed chert and iron formation from Isukasia, West Greenland: The Journal of Geology, v. 86, n. 2, p. 223–239, doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/649676

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
72. ↵
    1. Peters S. T. M.,
    2. Szilas K.,
    3. Sengupta S.,
    4. Kirkland C. L.,
    5. Garbe-Schönberg D.,
    6. Pack A.

    , 2020, > 2.7 Ga metamorphic peridotites from southeast Greenland record the oxygen isotope composition of Archean seawater: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 544, 116331, p. 13, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116331

    OpenUrlCrossRef
73. ↵
    1. Sengupta S.,
    2. Pack A.

    , 2018, Triple oxygen isotope mass balance for the Earth's oceans with application to Archean cherts: Chemical Geology, v. 495, p. 18–26, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.07.012

    OpenUrlCrossRef
74. ↵
    1. Sengupta S.,
    2. Peters S. T. M.,
    3. Reitner J.,
    4. Duda J.-P.,
    5. Pack A.

    , 2020, Triple oxygen isotopes of cherts through time: Chemical Geology, v. 554, 119789, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119789

    OpenUrlCrossRef
75. ↵
    1. Sharp Z. D.

    , 1990, A laser-based microanalytical method for the in situ determination of oxygen isotope ratios of silicates and oxides: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 54, n. 5, p. 1353–1357, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(90)90160-M

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
76. ↵
    1. Sharp Z. D.,
    2. Gibbons J. A.,
    3. Maltsev O.,
    4. Atudorei V.,
    5. Pack A.,
    6. Sengupta S.,
    7. Shock E. L.,
    8. Knauth L. P.

    , 2016, A calibration of the triple oxygen isotope fractionation in the SiO₂-H2O system and applications to natural samples: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 186, p. 105–119, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.04.047

    OpenUrlCrossRef
77. ↵
    1. Sharp Z. D.,
    2. Wostbrock J. A. G.,
    3. Pack A.

    , 2018, Mass-dependent triple oxygen isotope variations in terrestrial materials: Geochemical Perspective Letters, v. 7, p. 27–31, doi:https://doi.org/10.7185/geochemlet.1815

    OpenUrlCrossRef
78. ↵
    1. Sleep N. H.,
    2. Hessler A. M.

    , 2006, Weathering of quartz as an Archean climatic indicator: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 241, n. 3–4, p. 594–602, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.11.020

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
79. ↵
    1. Sleep N. H.,
    2. Zahnle K.

    , 2001, Carbon dioxide cycling and implications for climate on ancient Earth: Journal of Geophysical Research-Planets, v. 106, n. E1, p. 1373–1399, doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JE001247

    OpenUrlCrossRef
80. ↵
    1. Snyder W. S.

    , 1978, Manganese deposited by submarine hot springs in chert-greenstone complexes, western United States: Geology, v. 6, n. 12, p. 741–745, doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1978)6<741:MDBSHS>2.0.CO;2

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
81. ↵
    1. Stefurak E. J. T.,
    2. Lowe D. R.,
    3. Zentner D.,
    4. Fischer W. W.

    , 2015a, Sedimentology and geochemistry of Archean siica granules: GSA Bulletin, v. 127, n. 7–8, p. 1090–1107, doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/B31181.1

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
82. ↵
    1. Stefurak E. J. T.,
    2. Fischer W. W.,
    3. Lowe D. R.

    , 2015b, Texture-specific Si isotope variations in Barberton Greenstone Belt cherts record low temperature fractionations in early Archean seawater: Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 150, p. 26–52, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.11.014

    OpenUrlCrossRef
83. ↵
    1. Tartese R.,
    2. Chaussidon A.,
    3. Gurenko A.,
    4. Delarue F.,
    5. Robert F.

    , 2017, Warm Archean oceans reconstructed from oxygen isotope composition of early-life remnants: Geochemical Perspective Letters, v. 3, n. 1, p. 55–65, doi:https://doi.org/10.7185/geochemlet.1706

    OpenUrlCrossRef
84. ↵
    1. Tice M. M.

    , ms, 2005, Life and evolution in the early Archean - New data from the 3416 Ma Buck Reef Chert, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Stanford, California, Stanford University, Ph. D. Dissertation, 122 p.
85. ↵
    1. Tice M. M.,
    2. Lowe D. R.

    , 2004, Photosynthetic microbial mats in the 3,416-Myr-old ocean: Nature, v. 431, p. 549–552, doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02888

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefPubMedWeb of Science
86. ↵
    1. Tice M. M.,
    2. Lowe D. R.

    2006, The origin of carbonaceous matter in pre-3.0 Ga greenstone terrains: A review and new evidence from the 3.42 Ga Buck Reef Chert: Earth Science Reviews, v. 76, n. 3–4, p. 259–300, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.03.003

    OpenUrlCrossRef
87. ↵
    1. Tice M. M.,
    2. Bostick B. C.,
    3. Lowe D. R.

    , 2004, Thermal history of the 3.5–3.2 Ga Onverwacht and Fig Tree Groups, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Geology, v. 32, n. 1, p. 37–40, doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/G19915.1

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
88. 1. Valley J. W.,
    2. Kitchen N.,
    3. Kohn M. J.,
    4. Niendorf C. R.,
    5. Spicuzza M. J.

    , 1995, UWG-2, a garnet standard for oxygen isotope ratios: Strategies for high precision and accuracy with laser heating: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, n. 24, p. 5223–5231, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00386-X

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
89. ↵
    1. Yanchilina A. G.,
    2. Yam R.,
    3. Kolodny Y.,
    4. Shemesh A.

    , 2019, From diatom opal-A δ¹⁸O to chert δ¹⁸O in deep sea sediments: Geochemica et Cosmochemica Acta, v. 268, p. 368–382, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.10.018

    OpenUrlCrossRef
90. ↵
    1. Verard C.,
    2. Veizer J.

    , 2019, On plate tectonics and ocean temperatures: Geology, v. 47, n. 9, p. 881–885, doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/G46376.1

    OpenUrlCrossRef
91. ↵
    1. Viljoen M. J.,
    2. Viljoen R. P.

    , 1969, The geological and geochemical significance of the upper formations of the Onverwacht Group: Geological Society of South Africa Special Publication 2, p. 55–85.

    OpenUrl
92. ↵
    1. Wallman K.

    , 2001, The geological water cycle and the evolution of δ¹⁸O values: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 65, n. 15, p. 2469–2485, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00603-2

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
93. ↵
    1. Westall F.,
    2. de Wit M. J.,
    3. Dann J.,
    4. van der Gaast S.,
    5. de Ronde C. E. J.,
    6. Gerneke D.

    , 2001, Early Archean fossil bacteria and biofilms in hydrothermally-influenced sediments from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Precambrian Research, v. 106, n. 1–2, p. 93–116, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00127-3

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
94. ↵
    1. Westall F.,
    2. Campbell K. A.,
    3. Bréhéret J. G.,
    4. Foucher F.,
    5. Gautret P.,
    6. Hubert A.,
    7. Sorieul S.,
    8. Grassineau N.,
    9. Guido D. M.

    , 2015, Archean (3.33 Ga) microbe-sediment systems were diverse and flourished in a hydrothermal context: Geology, v. 43, n. 7, p. 615–618, doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/G36646.1

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
95. ↵
    1. Williams L. A.,
    2. Crerar D. A.

    , 1985, Silica diagenesis, II. General mechanisms: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 55, n. 3, p. 312–321, doi:https://doi.org/10.1306/212F86B1-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
96. ↵
    1. Wostbrock J. A. G.,
    2. Sharp Z. D.,
    3. Sanchez-Yanez C.,
    4. Reich M.,
    5. van den Heuvel D. B.,
    6. Benning L. G.

    , 2018, Calibration and application of silica-water triple oxygen isotope thermometry to geothermal systems in Iceland and Chile: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 234, p. 84–97, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.05.007

    OpenUrlCrossRef
97. ↵
    1. Wostbrock J. A. G.,
    2. Cano E. J.,
    3. Sharp Z. D.

    , 2020, An internally consistent triple oxygen isotope calibration of standards for silicates, carbonates and air relative to VSMOW2 and SLAP2: Chemical Geology, v. 533, article number 119432, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.119432

    OpenUrlCrossRef
98. ↵
    1. Xie X.,
    2. Byerly G. R.,
    3. Ferrell R. E. Jr..

    , 1997, IIb trioctahedral chlorite from the Barberton Greenstone Belt: Crystal structure and rock composition constraints with implications to geothermometry: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 126, p. 275–291, doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050250

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
99. ↵
    1. Yapp C.

    , 2001, Rusty relics of earth history: Iron (III) oxides, isotopes, and surficial environments: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 29, p. 165–199, doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.165

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
100. ↵
     1. Yeung L. Y.,
     2. Hayles J. A.,
     3. Hu H.,
     4. Ash J. L.,
     5. Sun T.

     , 2018, Scale distortion from pressure baselines as a source of inaccuracy in triple-isotope measurements: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, v. 32, n. 20, p. 1811–1821, doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.8247

     OpenUrlCrossRef
101. ↵
     1. Zakharov D. O.,
     2. Bindeman I. N.

     , 2019, Triple oxygen and hydrogen isotopic study of hydrothermally altered rocks from the 2.43–2.41 Ga Vetreny belt, Russia: An insight into the early Paleoproterozoic seawater: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 248, p. 185–209, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.01.014

     OpenUrlCrossRef
102. ↵
     1. Zakharov D. O.,
     2. Bindeman I. N.,
     3. Tanaka R.,
     4. Friðleifsson G. Ó.,
     5. Reed M. H.,
     6. Hampton R. L.

     , 2019, Triple oxygen isotope systematics as a tracer of fluids in the crust: A study from modern geothermal systems of Iceland: Chemical Geology, v. 530, 119312, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.119312

     OpenUrlCrossRef