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Research ArticleArticles

Interpreting multiple sulfur isotope signals in modern anoxic sediments using a full diagenetic model (California-Mexico margin: Alfonso Basin)

Andrew Masterson, Marc J. Alperin, William M. Berelson and David T. Johnston
American Journal of Science May 2018, 318 (5) 459-490; DOI: https://doi.org/10.2475/05.2018.02
Andrew Masterson
* Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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  • For correspondence: delmaistro@gmail.com johnston@eps.harvard.edu
Marc J. Alperin
** Marine Sciences Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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William M. Berelson
*** Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
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David T. Johnston
* Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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  • For correspondence: delmaistro@gmail.com johnston@eps.harvard.edu
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Abstract

Recent studies targeting the metabolic, physiological, and biochemical controls of sulfur isotope fractionation in microbial systems have drawn linkages between results from culture experiments and the sulfur isotope signatures observed in natural environments. Several of those studies have used newer techniques to explore the minor isotope (33S and 36S) variability in those systems, and also have attempted to place them in an ecophysiological context. Sparingly few have incorporated this newfound understanding of minor isotope behavior into natural systems (sediment pore waters, water columns) and none of them have refined existing isotope-dependent reaction-transport models to explicitly include 33S. In this study, we construct a three-isotope (32S, 33S, and 34S) reaction-transport model of pore water sulfate for a well-characterized sedimentary system within the California-Mexico Margin (Alfonso Basin). An additional goal is placing recent laboratory culture work into a natural, physical context. The model first reproduces the measured bulk geochemical characteristics of the pore water profiles of [SO42−], [CH4], dissolved inorganic carbon ([DIC]), and [Ca2+]—and predicts bulk (non-isotope-specific but depth-dependent) rates of sulfate reduction. Next, the model uses those depth-dependent bulk rates, in combination with empirically calibrated fractionation factors, to explain the minor isotope characteristics (δ34S and Δ33S values) of the 0 to 40 cm pore water SO42−. The down core, isotopic evolution of pore water sulfate requires a large fractionation associated with sulfate reduction (34εSR = 70 ± 5‰) that appears to be independent of bulk rate, but in line with low temperature thermodynamic predictions. The minor isotope characteristics (33λSR ∼ 0.5130) are also independent of rate and fall within the range expected from microbial calibrations, but differ from minor isotope predictions of thermodynamic equilibrium. The high value of 34εSR raises key questions in relating the physiological state of marine microorganisms relative to their laboratory counterparts, as well as point toward exceedingly low metabolic rates in natural marine sediments.

  • early diagenesis
  • sulfur isotopes
  • sulfate reduction
  • pore water sulfate
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American Journal of Science: 318 (5)
American Journal of Science
Vol. 318, Issue 5
1 May 2018
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Interpreting multiple sulfur isotope signals in modern anoxic sediments using a full diagenetic model (California-Mexico margin: Alfonso Basin)
Andrew Masterson, Marc J. Alperin, William M. Berelson, David T. Johnston
American Journal of Science May 2018, 318 (5) 459-490; DOI: 10.2475/05.2018.02

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Interpreting multiple sulfur isotope signals in modern anoxic sediments using a full diagenetic model (California-Mexico margin: Alfonso Basin)
Andrew Masterson, Marc J. Alperin, William M. Berelson, David T. Johnston
American Journal of Science May 2018, 318 (5) 459-490; DOI: 10.2475/05.2018.02
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • INTRODUCTION
    • ISOTOPE NOMENCLATURE
    • ALFONSO BASIN SAMPLING AND ENSUING ANALYTICAL METHODS
    • MODEL CONSTRUCTION
    • ISOTOPIC MODEL COMPONENTS
    • RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
    • CONCLUDING REMARKS
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    • APPENDIX 1
    • APPENDIX 2
    • APPENDIX 3
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Keywords

  • early diagenesis
  • sulfur isotopes
  • sulfate reduction
  • pore water sulfate

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