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Late Devonian charcoal (inertinite) from well-studied terrestrial sites at Red Hill, Pennsylvania (A, B) and Elkins, West Virginia (C). Much of this material is thought to be fire-derived. Marine black shales of the same age, the New Albany and Ohio Shales of Kentucky and Ohio (D), show increasing amounts of inertinite upsection reflecting the increase in fire events on land during the Latest Devonian associated with increased atmospheric O₂ levels and the build up of fuel. (See article titled The rise of fire: Fossil charcoal in Late Devonian marine shales as an indicator of expanding terrestrial ecosystems, fire, and atmosphere change by Susan M. Rimmer and others, this issue, p. 713–733.)