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The top part of the figure shows the effects of cooling (top left) and heating (top right) on measured carbonate clumped-isotope temperatures. The lower part of the figure shows a cartoon representation of the kinetic “paired” model describing the coupling of isotope-exchange reactions and short-range diffusion within a carbonate mineral lattice; this model successfully reproduces measured carbonate clumped-isotope temperatures from laboratory experiments and can be used to forward model the clumped-isotope temperatures recorded in carbonates that experienced heating or cooling on geological time scales. (See The kinetics of solid-state isotope-exchange reactions for clumped isotopes: A study of inorganic calcites and apatites from natural and experimental samples by Daniel A. Stolper and John Eiler, this issue, p. 363–411).